In 1863, Edouard Manet suffered a double defeat. At first, his work “Luncheon on the Grass” was not accepted into the Paris Salon. This was the main exhibition where you could show the public your work.
But that year many were refused. Therefore, Emperor Napoleon III ordered an exhibition for such works. But even there, among the “Les Miserables”, the painting “Luncheon on the Grass” was perceived as the main misunderstanding of the exhibition.
It is difficult for the modern viewer to understand what so annoyed everyone in this work back in 1863. Let’s figure it out.
Plot
In the foreground, a naked woman sits, having thrown off her bathing dress. Two dressed men are sitting next to her and talking about something. In the background, another woman is washing herself in her undershirt.
It seems that Manet did not come up with anything special. After all, he copied the poses of three deities from an engraving made from a lost painting by Raphael.
However, Manet violated a very important rule of academic painting. Only deities or ancient heroes could be naked on the canvases.
And here the artist depicted his contemporaries, the Parisians. The nude red-haired woman is Victorine Meurent, model and muse of artists. She also later became an artist.
Men are the brother of Edouard Manet and the brother of his wife. The bather is the wife of Emile Zola (presumably), a writer and friend of the artist.
For the public, this was outrageous, because the characters in the painting did not play gods or historical characters. They played … inhabitants of Paris, who sometimes had fun like this with young women of easy virtue.
Manet seemed to put on display the dirty linen of society! Of course, everyone was embarrassed. And as a result – a surge of aggressive attacks on the artist.
This is how Emile Zola describes the reaction of the public: “It seems to me that in the middle of the street I met a gang of boys throwing stones at Edouard Manet’s back …”
Nude
Classicists painted nudity for the delight of the eyes. Therefore, the heroine without clothes very rarely looked at the viewer. After all, she is depicted in order to be examined. There is no need to confuse a viewer!
But sometimes nude women looked into the eyes of a viewer from the canvases. But these were almost always languid and seductive looks.
While the heroine Manet looks at us in a completely different way! She is confident and calm. She doesn’t try to seduce. Moreover, she does not look like a woman offended by fate. With the same look, it is quite possible to imagine her in a beautiful dress at a social event.
This behavior irritated the public. After all, she behaves impermissibly! A naked woman serving the whims of city dandies must have a different look!
Composition
The audience was irritated not only by the plot and non-standard nude.
Edouard Manet constructed the composition of the painting in a very non-trivial way. There were also many questions about how the artist arranged the characters on the canvas.
To begin with, Manet originally called his painting The Bather. That is, the woman in the background is kind of like the main character!
This is already strange, since there is a group of people in the foreground. And according to the rules of academic painting, the main character is the closest to a viewer. At a minimum, it is highlighted in color or size so that all other shapes are perceived as secondary.
But there were still exceptions. Back in the Renaissance, Piero della Francesca depicted Christ in the background. They scourge him there! While in the foreground, as if nothing had happened, the townspeople communicate.
But the audience still did not understand such an arrangement of the main character of Manet. Therefore, the artist later renamed the painting. And we know it exclusively by the name “Luncheon on the Grass”.
Also notice how strangely the figure of the bather is positioned. She lowered her hand into the water, but a strange illusion is created. As if she was about to grab the finger of the man in the foreground.
In general, when building a composition, artists always try to avoid such awkward illusions. And a classicist would have moved the bather to the side, so that there would be no this oddity.
But Manet did just that on purpose. What for?
Because he was for vitality. Indeed, in reality, such oddities arise all the time! Why do everything perfectly?
Perspective
It immediately strikes us that the bather in the background is too big. It is even larger than the boat, which is not far from it!
A classicist would have made the figure smaller, in accordance with the law of linear perspective.
Manet, on the other hand, deliberately went to increase the figure. Remember, he even called the painting “Bather”, emphasizing the important role of women. And it would be strange to portray her small sized in the background.
The same Piero della Francesca also portrayed Christ and his tormentors as rather large. So much so that the room seems too small.
In addition, Manet was influenced by the work of Japanese masters. Just at the beginning of the 19th century, Japan resumed trade with Europe. And engravings by oriental artists began to appear in Paris.
In these works, the masters built the space in a slightly different way. Different scenes were placed next to each other, like in a collage. That is, there is no concept of foreground and background at all. And the figures in such works are about the same size.
In general, Manet’s bather is very close in size to a seated woman.
The artist also violated another rule of perspective. To emphasize the depth of space, a classicist used warm shades of paint for the foreground. And for the back – cool.
This is what Giorgione did in his “Rural Concert”.
In the foreground, we see warm ocher, beige and red hues. And the background is painted using cool grays and blues.
But Manet does everything almost the other way around! In the foreground is a large, cold spot of a blue dress. But on the far side, the warm ocher shades of the boat and vegetation are burning.
By the way, it was in the “Rural Concert” that Manet got the idea to depict dressed men next to naked women. True, Giorgione painted muses. Whereas Manet’s women are real.
But let’s get back to color. Look, even the skin of Giorgione’s muses is warm. While the heroine Manet is the owner of a very white skin of a cool shade. Which, in principle, corresponded to reality. Meurent was red-haired, with the typical white and thin skin of such people.
Chiaroscuro
Let’s once again compare the naked bodies of women in the paintings of Giorgione and Manet.
With such a close comparison, we immediately see the features of chiaroscuro.
The body of the muse has a pronounced chiaroscuro, due to the transition from dark shades to lighter ones. This is how the artist creates the illusion of volume and weight.
Manet, on the other hand, avoided such chiaroscuro. Yes, we see shadows on the body (in the belly, under the knee). That is, we understand that it is volumetric.
But most of the body is painted in almost the same color. At the same time, the heroine is realistic! There is no feeling that the woman is cut out of paper and pasted onto the background. So what’s the secret?
Manet was very eager for realism. And he showed how direct light behaves in reality when it illuminates a person. In this case, chiaroscuro is almost not formed on the body.
But just among classicists, the lighting is not very realistic. In order for the body to have such chiaroscuro as that of Giorgione, special conditions are important. There must be some kind of obstacle between the light source and the model. But in nature, where there is a lot of light, such scattered light is actually difficult to achieve.
Paint strokes
Critics were also outraged that Manet had left all brush strokes visible. Moreover, they are wide, sweeping.
This is especially true for the background. This did not at all correspond to people’s ideas about how the painting should look.
The audience is used to such elaboration of details. Each stroke is hidden, and everything is smooth and neat, like that of the same Ingres.
Manet ignored many details. Trees, grass, water do rather form a single space, when one flows into another.
But the artist still draws some details. For example, a flying bullfinch at the top of the canvas.
Manet tried to convey the peculiarities of our vision. Something is in focus and some is not. We cannot see everything clearly at the same time. And in this, too, in fact, there is much more realism than in the works of refined and accurate classicists.
Finally
So, we looked at the confrontation between two opponents.
On the one hand, there is academic painting. This is the so-called classical (at that time) art, which is created using certain techniques. They were approved and taught at art academies. Hence the name: academic. classical painting.
On the other side of the barricades – Edouard Manet, who himself studied at the academy and generally wanted recognition in society. But he chose his own path and went to revise many techniques. The result is “Luncheon on the Grass”.
So it is not for nothing that Edouard Manet is considered to be the one with whom modern art began, modernism. This includes impressionism, and expressionism, and other trends and styles of painting.
“Luncheon on the Grass” is a dividing line between old and new art. This is the moment when the artist renounced almost all the rules of academic painting. And he said “YES” to the opportunity to experiment and go his own way.
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